Protective Effects of the Novel Phytonutrient Spectra7 Against Intestinal Tight Junction Disruption: Composition Matters

Abstract

The prevalence of intestinal inflammatory diseases is increasing, and pharmacologic agents for intervention are currently limited. Preserving epithelial tight junction (TJ) integrity and preventing underlying immune cell activation by intestinal bacteria are key targets for abrogating the perpetual inflammatory cycle that plagues these diseases. Phytonutrients have shown promise for their ability to reduce cellular inflammation, but the extent of their efficacy in an intestinal model of inflammation is not well understood. Here we hypothesized that Spectra7 (S7), a novel phytonutrient derived from extracts rich in curcuminoids and catechins, would reduce immune cell inflammation and preserve TJ integrity in an in vitro co‐culture model of intestinal inflammation. We further hypothesized that a curcumin containing formulation (S7‐C) would be more effective at preserving TJ integrity than that of its metabolite, tetrahydrocurcumin (S7‐THC).An in vitro intestinal co‐culture model was established by seeding Caco‐2 epithelial cells on semi‐permeable transwell inserts 21 days prior to the addition of RAW264.7 macrophages in the basolateral chamber. Macrophages were next stimulated with 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation, and subsequent TJ disruption in the co‐cultured Caco‐2 cells was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) using epithelial ohmmeter chopstick electrodes. We found that administration of S7‐THC containing 1–5 μM THC produced dose dependent mitigation of LPS‐induced decreases in TEER and approached the efficacy of the pharmacologic agent budesonide. However, to our surprise, S7‐C at 5 μM curcumin was unable to preserve TEER, suggesting that the specific combination of phytonutrients is important for preventing inflammation‐induced TJ disruption. We also found that, though apical application (Caco‐2 only) of budesonide was sufficient for preserving TEER in our model, S7‐THC required both apical (Caco‐2) and basolateral (RAW264.7) treatment, suggesting that reducing macrophage inflammation is important for limiting epithelial TJ disruption in this context. Interestingly, S7‐C was more effective than S7‐THC or budesonide at reducing inflammatory basolateral nitric oxide (NO) production as determined by the Griess assay. This suggests that, though S7‐C more effectively reduces this aspect of inflammation, another inflammatory mediator is responsible for conveying TJ disruption and is governed differentially by S7‐THC. Further support of this comes from our finding that S7‐THC, but not S7‐C, ameliorated the LPS‐induced increase in myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression in Caco‐2 cells as determined by Western blot. Together, these findings suggest that phytonutrients such as S7‐THC have prophylactic potential in the preservation of TJ integrity, and the specific composition of these phytonutrients matters.Support or Funding InformationOlivet Nazarene University Honors Program, Pence‐Boyce Undergraduate Summer Research Experience, and the Hippenhammer Faculty Grant