Abstract
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from different lignocellulosic biomass have shown biological qualities as antioxidant and immunostimulant. By contrast, the application of LCCs as protectant against neurotoxicity caused by different compounds is scarce. In this work, two kinds of LCCs with carbohydrate-rich and lignin-rich fractions were obtained from wheat stalk and used to protect against BPA-neurotoxicity in zebrafish. The results showed that BPA at a concentration of 500 µg/L results in neurotoxicity, including significant behavioral inhibition, and prevents the expression of central nervous system proteins in transgenic zebrafish models (Tg (HuC-GFP)). When the zebrafish was treated by LCCs, the reactive oxygen species of zebrafish decreased significantly with the change of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, which was due to the LCCs’ ability to suppress the mRNA expression level of key genes related to nerves. This is essential in view of the neurotoxicity of BPA through oxidative stress. In addition, BPA exposure had negative effects on the exercise behavior, the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the larval development and gene expression of zebrafish larvae, and LCC preparations could recover these negative effects by reducing oxidative stress. In zebrafish treated with BPA, carbohydrate-rich LCCs showed stronger antioxidant activity than lignin-rich LCCs, showing their potential as a neuroprotective agents.
Highlights
Plastic products, such as water bottles, milk bottles, and cans, are essential as food containers in our daily life
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs)-WS-A in wheat stalk was extracted according to the method described by Bjorkman (1957) [27] which is the classic method to isolate the LCC from different biomass
The extracted LCC-WS-A was subjected to a short hydrothermal treatment at 180 ◦ C for 10 min for partial degradation to obtain LCC-WS-B, which was used as the control preparation to evaluate the bioactivity of LCC-WS-A with different carbohydrate proportions
Summary
Plastic products, such as water bottles, milk bottles, and cans, are essential as food containers in our daily life. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most used raw material for the manufacture of plastic containers [1]. BPA has been identified as an endocrine disruptor chemical, which can be toxic to the nervous, reproductive, and cardiovascular system [2,3]. Many in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that BPA can disrupt the functions of various cells in the nervous system. Miyatake et al (2006) [6] reported that the inherent cellular structure and biofunction of neuronal cells was significantly altered following BPA treatment. BPA was found to affect hypothalamus growth, leading to hyperactive behavior, in a zebrafish model [7]. The key pathway for BPA-induced inhibition of cell function during neurogenesis is its ability to disrupt
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