Abstract
Hydrogen is considered to be a novel antioxidant as it inhibits inflammation, removes oxygen-derived free radicals and reduces oxidative damage. This study investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich saline on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats with uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS). The UHS model was induced by arterial bleeding and tail amputation. The rats were randomly divided into: Group A (sham-operated group), Group B [shock + intravenously (IV) injected saline], Group C (shock + IV-injected hydrogen-rich saline), Group D [shock + intraperitoneally (IP) injected saline] and Group E (shock + IP-injected hydrogen-rich saline). The survival rate 24 h after successful resuscitation was calculated. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded at 0, 30, 90 and 210 min. The plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α, SOD and MDA were measured at 0, 90 and 210 min. The survival rate of each group was 100% and the hemodynamics among the experimental groups were not significantly different. At 90 and 210 min, the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and MDA in Groups C and E were lower than those of Groups B and D, while the SOD levels were higher than those of Groups B and D (P<0.01). At 90 min, the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and MDA in Groups B and C were lower than those of Groups D and E, respectively (P<0.01). Hydrogen-rich saline has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in UHS. In conclusion, the results showed that itravenous injection of hydrogen-rich saline is more effective than intraperitonal injection.
Highlights
Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) causes low perfusion of visceral organs, ischemia and hypoxemia of tissue, release of inflammatory factors, generation of oxygen‐derived free radicals and oxidative damage of tissue, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and a low rate of treatment success
For Groups B and C, plain or hydrogen‐rich saline was injected IV, respectively, at 30 min through the tube inserted into the femoral vein at a rate of 3‐4 ml/h to maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 60±5 mmHg
Hemorrhagic shock may cause a series of responses, including the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF and IL‐6 and oxidative damage, while inflammatory factors and oxygen‐derived free radicals play an important role in the development of
Summary
Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) causes low perfusion of visceral organs, ischemia and hypoxemia of tissue, release of inflammatory factors, generation of oxygen‐derived free radicals and oxidative damage of tissue, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and a low rate of treatment success. Previous studies have shown that the inhalation of 2% hydrogen or injection of hydrogen‐saturated saline inhibits inflammation, selectively removes oxygen‐derived free radicals and reduces oxidative damage [1,2,3,4,5,6], suggesting hydrogen‐rich saline may play an important role in UHS. We hypothesized that hydrogen‐rich saline may have anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative roles in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. The aim was to demonstrate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative functions of hydrogen‐rich saline on UHS and to discuss the mechanism of action of hydrogen‐rich saline
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