Protective Effects of GIC and S-PRG Filler Restoratives on Demineralization of Bovine Enamel in Lactic Acid Solution

Naoyuki Kaga,Takashi Matsuura,Futami Nagano-Takebe,Masayuki Kaga,Kazuhiko Endo,Takashi Nezu

doi:10.3390/ma13092140

Naoyuki Kaga, Takashi Matsuura + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092140

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Abstract

This study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) fillers used as dental restorative materials on demineralization of bovine enamel. GlasIonomer FX ULTRA (FXU), Fuji IX GP Extra (FIXE), CAREDYNE RESTORE (CDR) were used as GICs. PRG Barrier Coat (BC) was used as the S-PRG filler. They were incubated in a lactic acid solution (pH = 4.0) for six days at a temperature of 37 °C. The mineral was etched from the enamel surface, and a large number of Ca and P ions were detected in solution. The Al, F, Na, Sr, and Sr ions were released in GICs and S-RPG fillers. The Zn ion was released only in CDR and the B ion was released only in BC. The presence of apparent enamel prism peripheries was observed after six days of treatment for the group containing only enamel blocks. pH values for the FXU, FIXE, CDR, BC, and enamel block groups after six days were 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 5.9, and 5.1, respectively. Therefore, the observed pH neutralization effect suppressed progression of caries due to the release of several ions from the restoratives.

Highlights

Various bioactive materials have been explored for possible uses in dental applications, owing to the recent developments of novel dental materials and procedures
The dentin side was painted with nail varnish, and the slabs were cut into enamel blocks with dimensions of approximately 2 mm × 2 mm using a diamond saw, which were subsequently cleaned for 20 s in distilled water with an ultrasonic cleaner
The amounts of Ca ions released from CAREDYNE RESTORE (CDR) were higher than those released from FX ULTRA (FXU), Fuji IX GP Extra (FIXE), and Barrier Coat (BC) (Groups 2 and 3) (p < 0.05)

Summary

Introduction

Various bioactive materials have been explored for possible uses in dental applications, owing to the recent developments of novel dental materials and procedures. The effects of these bioactive materials on the stability and longevity of dental restorations as well as on the oral pathogens inducing dental caries were considered [1]. Active caries development generally occurs at pH < 4.9 under the action of lactic acid. This process stops when the pH of the medium increases to 5.7 [4]. Chemical modifications of the restoration material surface that might prevent bacteria adherence and suppress plaque and biofilm formation have been proposed. For this purpose, novel biomaterials that enable slow release of chemicals or ions lethal to bacterial cells must be developed [5]. The concept of “minimum intervention dentistry”, formulated in 2000, emphasized that

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