Protective effects of dietary Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) essential oil against Malathion-induced toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Saeed Hajirezaee,Sukaina Tuama Ghafel,Abduladheem Turki Jalil,Rustem Adamovich Shichiyakh,Usama S. Altimari,Yasser Fakri Mustafa

doi:10.2478/aoas-2022-0011

Abstract

Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the moderating properties of lavender (Lavandula officinalis) essential oil (LEO) against immunotoxic effects of the organophosphate pesticide, malathion in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, fish were supplemented with LEO at dietary concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 ml/kg diet LEO for 56 days. A non-LEO supplemented group was also considered as control. After 57 days feeding trial, biochemicals were assayed in the blood and kidney tissue and then fish exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of malathion [0.24 mg/l equal to 30% of LC50 (0.8 mg/L)]. After 57 days feeding trial, the serum total immunoglobulin, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity and complement activity significantly elevated in fish treated with 1 and 2 ml LEO/kg diet compared to non-LEO supplemented individuals (P<0.01). Such changes were not observed in non-LEO supplemented fish (P>0.01). Significant elevations were observed in the expression of the immune genes (iNOS and C3 genes) in fish treated with 0.2–2 mg LEO/kg diet compared to non-supplemented ones (P<0.01). The lysozyme and complement activity significantly decreased in fish fed 4 ml/kg diet (P<0.01). After exposure to malathion, all immune components significantly declined in control and those treated with 0.5, 1 and 4 ml LEO/kg diet (P<0.01). In contrast, the immunity components exhibited no significant changes in fish treated with 2 ml LEO/kg diet after exposure (P>0.01). The expression of iNOS and C3 genes significantly reduced in control and fish fed 0.5, 1 and 4 ml LEO/kg diet in response to malathion (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of these genes showed no significant changes in fish fed with 2 ml LEO/kg diet after exposure (P>0.01). The findings of the present study suggested an immunoprotective role for dietary LEO at optimized dietary concentrations of 1 and 2 ml LEO/kg diet against oxidative stress and toxicity induced by malathion. Nevertheless, LEO at high dietary concentration (4 ml/kg diet) had reducing effects on the fish immunity.

Highlights

The toxicity of PCs on aquatic organisms, fish has been well documented in many toxicological studies (Khan and Law, 2005; Slaninova et al, 2009; Dawood et al, 2020 a; Khafaga et al, 2020; Farag et al, 2021 a)
Significant elevations were observed in the expression of the immune genes in fish treated with 0.2–2 mg lavender essential oil (LEO)/kg diet compared to non-supplemented ones (P
LEO-supplemented fish After 57 days feeding trial, the serum total immunoglobulin (Figure 1), respiratory burst activity (RBA) (Figure 2), lysozyme activity (Figure 3) and complement activity (Figure 4) significantly increased in fish fed 1 and 2 ml LEO/kg diet compared to non-LEO supplemented ones (P

Summary

Introduction

The toxicity of PCs on aquatic organisms, fish has been well documented in many toxicological studies (Khan and Law, 2005; Slaninova et al, 2009; Dawood et al, 2020 a; Khafaga et al, 2020; Farag et al, 2021 a). The oxidative stress imposed by PCs has been observed to disturb fish osmoregulation, reproduction, growth, and immunity. There are some studies, reporting the disturbing effects of PCs on fish immune system (Khafaga et al, 2020; Naiel et al, 2020; El-Hameed et al, 2021; Ismael et al, 2021). The serum IgM showed significant decreases in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus exposed to malathion, the lysozyme activity was elevated after exposure (Díaz-Resendiz and Girón-Pérez, 2014). In Nile tilapia, the serum bactericidal and lysozyme activity significantly decreased after exposure to chlorpyrifos (Zahran et al, 2018). Hajirezaee et al (2019 a, b) reported the ameliorating effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on toxicity induced by diazinon in rainbow trout. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary hydro-alcoholic extract of lavender in moderating the malathion-induced-oxidative stress in rainbow trout by assaying immune indices in the blood.

Methods

Results

Conclusion