Protective effects of bark ethanolic extract from Spondias dulcis Forst F. against DNA damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene and cyclophosphamide.

Caroline De S Araujo,Marjori L Camparoto,Andressa S Gomes,Lorrane D Brito,Dalita G S M Cavalcante,Marina O Tarifa,Aldo E Job,Marcos A Zocoler,Eidi Yoshihara,Leandra E Kerche,Karoline S Rodrigues,Nayara J Farah Da Silva

doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0038

Abstract

This study evaluated the genotoxicity, mutagenicity, antigenotoxicity, and antimutagenicity effects on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress of the Spondias dulcis bark ethanolic extract on mice. The extract was evaluated in the doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg bw via gavage. To evaluate the protective effects of the extract, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were chosen as DNA damage inducers. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity were evaluated by the comet assay. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity were evaluated by the micronucleus test in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The biochemical parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated by the quantification of catalase activity (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in total blood, liver and kidney, and malondialdehyde (MDA), in liver and kidney. No genotoxic, cytotoxic, or mutagenic effect was found on mice exposed to the extract. The extract depleted the number of damaged nucleoids in total blood and the number of micronucleus (MN) in both cell types. The extract was able to increase CAT activity and GSH levels and decrease MDA levels after treatment with B[a]P and CP. The results indicate that the S. dulcis extract has potential to be used as preventive compound against DNA damage caused by CP and B[a]P.

Highlights

The use of plants for medical purposes has always been a common practice all over the world
Pharmacognostic characterization The thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the extract was carried out using flavonoids and tannins as references, and the results showed that this extract presents quercetin and rutin in its constitution (Figure 1)
The pharmacognostic characterization of the S. dulcis bark ethanolic extract showed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids in its constitution

Summary

Introduction

The use of plants for medical purposes has always been a common practice all over the world. The Anacardiaceae family is a group of tropical flowering plants that bears drupe fruits. This family comprises several genera that possess economic importance such as the genus Spondias. This genus consists of approximately 8 to 12 species that bear edible fruits and is distributed across tropical regions in the world (Narain et al, 2004). Spondias dulcis (S. dulcis) is a tropical species native from the region that spans from Melanesia through Polynesia, and its fruits are known as cajamanga, Hog plum, or golden apple. S. dulcis fruit is commonly used as food, but other parts of this plant are used as remedy. There is no study evaluating possible cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of S. dulcis bark extracts, nor its protective effects against DNA damage induced by chemical compounds

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