Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of crude polysaccharide isolated from pao-tian-xiong on chronic renal failure in mice, and its monosaccharide composition.
 Methods: Male Kunming mice were orally treated with adenine (211.5 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, followed by either crude polysaccharides (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg), or positive drug solution (jinguishenqi pill, 2000 mg/kg) for another 7 days (each group had 15 mice). Mice in normal and negative control groups were given saline. Mental and physical states, blood urine nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr), kidney morphological changes and organ indices were determined. Histopathological examination of spleen and kidney tissues was also performed. The monosaccharide composition of crude polysaccharide was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
 Results: Compared with negative control group, serum BUN (6.71 mmol/L vs. 8.61 mmol/L) and Cr (107.74 vs. 113.39 μmol/L) were significantly decreased by the crude polysaccharide isolate (p < 0.05), whereas epididymis index (0.2556 vs. 0.2135 %) and seminal vesicle index (0.5547 vs. 0.3945 %) were increased (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination showed that injuries to kidney, spleen, testis and epididymis decreased significantly. The crude polysaccharides contained mainly glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid and xylose, and their contents ranged from 0.7 to 65 %.
 Conclusion: These results suggest that the crude polysaccharides of Pao-tian-xiong ameliorates CRF symptoms in mice, thereby providing experimental evidence in support of its use as an anti-CRF drug.
Highlights
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a serious kidney disease with increasing prevalence which has made it a global public health problem [1]
Not much is known about the effect of pao-tian-xiong (Figure1), which is one of the processed products of fuzi, and the effect of its polysaccharide (PPTX) on CRF in an animal model
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PPTX on adenine-induced CRF in mice, as well as its monosaccharide composition using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-precolumn derivatization and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Summary
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a serious kidney disease with increasing prevalence which has made it a global public health problem [1]. CRF patients need more frequent and long-term hospital treatment, and they have poor quality of life and high. Studies on polysaccharides from fuzi have so far focused on antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [10], anti-hyperglycemia [11], anti-tumor [12], antihypercholesterolemia [13], anti-hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury [14], and immuno-enhancing effects [15]. Not much is known about the effect of pao-tian-xiong (Figure1), which is one of the processed products of fuzi, and the effect of its polysaccharide (PPTX) on CRF in an animal model.
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