Protective and Vulnerability Factors of Posttraumatic Growth in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Background:The group population of older adults has suffered the highest number of deaths and impact on health associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Many older adults can perceive this pandemic as a traumatic experience. However, many older adults may have also experienced positive changes, defined as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Several factors may enhance or hinder this possibility of development.Objective:This study aimed to analyze if the effects of COVID-19 affection (direct and indirect), anxiety and depression on PTG would be mediated by the protective variables life purpose and resilience.Method:359 older adults over 60 years old completed a web-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic including sociodemographic data, direct/indirect affectation by COVID-19, anxiety, depression, resilience, life purpose and PTG.Preliminary results on the ongoing study:63.2% of the participants were women and 58.2% were married. 89.1% had been infected by COVID-19, 1.7% had been hospitalized, 15.6% had lost a loved one and 17.2% have had a relative hospitalized because of COVID-19. Women (M = 56.77; SD = 18.00) showed higher levels of PTG than men (M = 52.41; SD = 17.84) (t = -2.19; p < .05). Differences in the outcome variables based on direct or indirect COVID-19 affection were not found. The path analysis showed that the effect of COVID-19 symptoms on PTG was mainly mediated by life purpose, and anxiety to a lesser extent. We also confirmed two indirect effects: (1) the negative effect of depression on PTG through resilience and life purpose assessed simultaneously; (2) the positive effect of resilience on PTG through life purpose. Results showed an excellent model fit to this model (χ² = 3.759; χ²/gl = 5; p = .585; GFI = .997; CFI = .999; RMSEA = .001).Conclusion:The identification of protective and vulnerability variables is essential to protect older adults from mental disorders. This study highlights the need for developing interventions that aim to increase PTG by promoting life purpose and resilience.