Abstract
The protectionism of the last twelve years is forcing many countries to backtrack in the face of the devastating consequences of those policies on their economies and the world trade. The pandemic COVID-19 has highlighted even more how those policies may be destructive and produce impoverishment. The current global pandemic crisis is producing an abrupt and probably very long braking effect on international trade. However, it would be wrong to consider it as the exclusive or the most important cause of global trade stagnation. In fact, the ground had already been prepared by the economic-financial crisis of 2007–2008 and in particular by the choices of “economic nationalism” of neo-protectionist type, which made a precise political use of the modern linear border. Globalisation means mainly the overcoming of political barriers, borders, and the opening to the global free trade market. On the contrary, it is now still hindered by heavy political factors, among which protectionism has been the main one for many years. Those policies, implemented on the large areas by major world powers, have caused a long phase of “de-globalisation”, characterised by the renewed use of the modern border to enclose economies, well before the pandemic crisis.
Highlights
Streszczenie Protekcjonizm ostatnich dwunastu lat zmusza wiele krajów do wycofania się w obliczu niszczycielskich skutków tej polityki dla ich gospodarek i światowego handlu
The protectionism of the last twelve years is forcing many countries to backtrack in the face of the devastating consequences of those policies on their economies and the world trade
The ground had already been prepared by the economic-financial crisis of 2007–2008 and in particular by the choices of “economic nationalism” of neo-protectionist type, which made a precise political use of the modern linear border
Summary
Streszczenie Protekcjonizm ostatnich dwunastu lat zmusza wiele krajów do wycofania się w obliczu niszczycielskich skutków tej polityki dla ich gospodarek i światowego handlu. The neo-protectionism of large areas has aimed at protecting “internal” economies from international competition, leading to “economic super-regions”, closed states and productive-commercial blocs and aiming to reconcile political and economic spaces, disconnected from the (very timid) globalisation phenomena of the 1990s, not even comparable to the historical globalisation in Europe. Supranational bodies are needed to regain political control over the economic sphere These large areas, politically fenced in by increasingly rigid borders, have only revitalised the old myth of the geschlossene Handelsstaat (The closed trade state), theorised by Johann G. State blocs and major powers have imposed barriers to trade, causing serious consequences especially for developing areas and “emerging countries”: neo-protectionism is, a cause of their political and economic stagnation. History demonstrates that the forms of protectionism tend to change during crises and that it tends to prevail well after national economies have recovered (Irwin 2011)
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