Abstract
Abstract Water is an essential ingredient of life on planet Earth. Less than 1% of the world's water is available for human use, 97% is salt water, and the other 2% is frozen. Ensuring that drinking water is safe and clean is a primary mission of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Water infrastructure vulnerability can make water and wastewater systems targets for intentional threats and attacks. Addressing these threats and attacks has been an important focus by EPA since September 11, 2001. The destruction of the World Trade Center and a portion of the Pentagon, and the anthrax letters that followed, reinforced the need to protect critical infrastructure, including the nation's water and wastewater systems. This review presents, in general terms, the potential threats to water infrastructure. Emphasis is placed on the research contributing to the water sector's preparedness for, response to, and recovery from intentional threats or attacks on drinking water infrastructure.
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