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Abstract
Fertility is the most important aspect in the efforts to increase livestock populations. Protamine and various proteins in sperm and seminal plasma are the results of the molecular analysis which can be used as a marker of fertility. Each of the proteins plays an important role in the normal function of sperm, starting from the formation of sperm structure, motility, capacitation, cell protection, acrosome reactions, successful fertilization, egg activation, and embryonic development. Finally, these molecular components can be a marker of fertility and can help to diagnose the cases of infertility/subfertility in livestock in the field.
Highlights
Fertility is closely related to the capacity of a bull to produce sperm that is able to fertilize oocytes and produce new individuals
Various studies related to bull fertility have been carried out through various approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics
Genomics is a study related to the whole genome of an organism, transcriptomics is a study of the overall transcription product (RNA) of an organism, and proteomics is a study related to protein traits on a large scale to gain clear insight and integrated [2]
Summary
Fertility is closely related to the capacity of a bull to produce sperm that is able to fertilize oocytes and produce new individuals. Sperm protein has an important role related to fertility, such as morphological integrity and sperm function, including motility, capacitation, fertilization, oocyte activation, and embryonic development [10].
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