Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography Before Reaching the Phoenix Criteria for Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Radiotherapy: Earlier Detection of Recurrences

Abstract

Background and objectiveBiochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa) after curative radiotherapy (RT) is defined according to the Phoenix criteria, which is a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) rise of ≥2.0 ng/ml above the PSA nadir. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can identify PCa recurrences at very low PSA values. Our aim was to investigate the detection rate and extent of PCa recurrences using PSMA PET/CT after curative RT among patients with a PSA rise of ≥2.0 ng/ml above the nadir (Phoenix positive, Ph+) and patients not reaching this threshold (Phoenix negative, Ph−) and to compare therapeutic management and clinical outcomes in terms of time to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and castration-resistance PCa (CRPC), as well as overall survival. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the Prostate Cancer Network Amsterdam (2015–2023) cohort of 568 patients who received curative-intent RT for PCa. Data on PSMA PET/CT outcomes, therapeutic management, and clinical follow-up were collected, including (re)initiation of ADT, progression to CRPC, and survival. Results were compared between groups using logistic regression and survival analyses. Key findings and limitationsThe study cohort comprised 222 patients (39.1%) classified as Ph− and 346 (60.9%) classified as Ph+. PSMA-avid lesions were detected in 170 Ph− patients (76.6%) and 322 (93.1%) Ph+ patients. In these groups, 75.9% of Ph− patients and 45.0% of Ph+ patients were eligible for local salvage therapy (odds ratio [OR 3.84]; p < 0.001). Distant metastases were less frequent in the Ph− group (n = 37, 21.8%) than in the Ph+ group (n = 157, 48.8%; OR 0.29; p < 0.001). Survival analyses revealed longer times to ADT (re)initiation and progression to CRPC, as well as lower overall mortality, in the Ph− group (log-rank p < 0.001). The retrospective study design is the main limitation. Conclusions and clinical implicationsFor patients with PCa recurrence, PSMA PET/CT can detect this recurrence in the majority of cases not meeting the Phoenix criteria for BCR. Early imaging detects recurrences at a less advanced disease stage, allowing potential salvage treatments. In addition, early PSMA PET/CT is associated with longer times to ADT (re)initiation and progression to CRPC, as well as longer overall survival. These positive clinical implications warrant confirmation of our results in prospective studies to reduce potential leadtime bias. Patient summaryWe investigated early use of a special type of scan called PSMA PET (prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography) in patients with suspicion of recurrence of their prostate cancer after radiotherapy. Early scans can detect recurrence before the cancer progresses to a more advanced stage.