Prostate cancer managed with active surveillance: role of anatomic MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging

Abstract

urothelial carcinoma. There are a variety of reasons for false-negative diagnoses of ureteral and bladder cancer during MDCTurography. Early-enhanced thin-section MDCT of a full bladder with urine can decrease the number of false negatives bladder studies. This “bladder -wall phase “, obtained 60 seconds after contrast injection has superior accuracy for detection of small lesions in comparison with the excretory phase alone (bladder fully distended by opacified urine), as used by the authors. However small flat tumors that do not appear as filling defects and carcinoma in situ tumors, are almost impossible to be detected by MDCT-urography. For this reason, although not a perfect test, cystocopy remains the reference standard procedure in the investigation of hematuria.