Abstract
Despite early detection and reduced risk of death, prostate cancer still remains the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. There is currently no cure for advanced prostate cancer. The multistage, stochastic and highly heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer, coupled with genetic and epigenetic alterations that occur during disease progression and response to therapy, represent fundamental challenges in our quest to understand and control this complex and prevalent disease. Recent advances in drug development and breakthroughs in omics technologies have renewed our efforts to identify novel biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis, prediction, and therapeutic response monitoring. In this perspective article, we overview the current status and highlight future prospects of biomarkers for prostate cancer, a disease that affects millions of men worldwide.
Highlights
The incidence of prostate cancer has increased dramatically in recent years, largely because of an aging population, the practice of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and subsequent biopsy
This article presents a multidisciplinary perspective on the role of biomarkers in prostate cancer drug development and patient care
Predictive biomarkers differ in that they are used to identify those patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular treatment, enabling “personalized medicine.”
Summary
The incidence of prostate cancer has increased dramatically in recent years, largely because of an aging population, the practice of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and subsequent biopsy. Prognostic biomarkers inform the natural course of the cancer in the absence of therapy or on standard chemotherapy regimens, distinguishing those patients with tumors that result in “good outcome” versus those with a “poor outcome.”. They can be used to guide decisions of whom to treat, and how aggressively to treat. PD biomarkers are used to assess the post-treatment effects of a drug on a tumor, confirm target or pathway modulation and mechanism of action, and can, at times, be used to guide or at least, increase confidence in the dosage that should be used in subsequent proof of concept and pivotal trials Predictive biomarkers differ in that they are used to identify (predict) those patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular treatment, enabling “personalized medicine.” PD biomarkers are used to assess the post-treatment effects of a drug on a tumor, confirm target or pathway modulation and mechanism of action, and can, at times, be used to guide or at least, increase confidence in the dosage that should be used in subsequent proof of concept and pivotal trials
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