Abstract
Prostate cancer has become a focus of new interest as the population ages and the death rate due to cardiovascular disease decreases. Patients with abnormalities in digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen, or ultrasound are evaluated with biopsies. In addition to cytopathologic or histopathologic diagnosis, a biopsy sample can be used to obtain prognostic information by applying flow cytometry or image analysis to determine ploidy. Aspirate samples are suitable for DNA analysis by flow cytometry, and smears are suitable for image analysis. Tissue samples may beused to make nuclear suspensions suitable for flow cytometry or for image analysis. Sections of paraffinembedded tissue may be used for image analysis. This article reviewstechniques for analysis of small prostate specimens using these methods. In addition, prostate biopsy techniques are presented, including digitally guided core needle biopsy, ultrasonographically guided needle biopsy, and digitally guided fine needle aspiration cytology.
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