Abstract
This paper discusses wastewater and proven techniques for wastewater remediation and reuses from the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) perspective. Water scarcity and polluted water sources contribute to the death of a large population of people daily; most of whom are living in SSA. The vast availability of non-recycled wastewater and poor waste management infrastructures in SSA is the major contributing factor to environmental degradation and water pollution. In this paper, the challenges confronting wastewater treatment and reuse towards improving water resource management in SSA are discussed. One major issue identified in this work is the socio-cultural perception of people in SSA to the emerging trend of wastewater reuse for water resource conservation and management. One recognized approach by which wastewater reuse can be encouraged in SSA is by validating the quality of the reclaimed water through public sensitization. Another method is by introducing incentives that will motivate public acceptability of recycled water from wastewater treatment.
Highlights
Water Scarcity and the Needs for Wastewater ReuseMost regions of the world are facing water stress and groundwater depletion due to population explosion, rapid decline in water quality and low rainfall due to climate change
One major issue identified in this work is the socio-cultural perception of people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to the emerging trend of wastewater reuse for water resource conservation and management
Biological processes are usually used in conjunction with physical and chemical processes, with the main objective of reducing the organic content measured as biological oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC) or chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrient content of wastewater
Summary
Most regions of the world are facing water stress and groundwater depletion due to population explosion, rapid decline in water quality and low rainfall due to climate change. The continuous unrestricted growth of human population in developing countries has tremendous effect on both water poverty, as well as the amount of wastewater and sewage produced in these regions Most of these untreated effluents are directly discharged into nearby surface waters leading to a significant level of environmental pollution and degradation Depending on the level of treatment and sophistication of treatment facilities, the recovered water can be used for purposes ranging from horticulture to potable water supply (Voulvoulis, 2018) It is supported generally, that wastewater remediation remains an integral tool for water resource management and environmental sustainability, especially in the face of current world’s shortage of water resources (National Research Council, 2012; Roccaro, 2018). Biological Characteristics Biochemical oxygen demand [BOD] Oxygen required for Nitrification High microbial population
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