Abstract
Global accessibility to clean water has stressed the need to develop advanced technologies for the removal of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants and pathogens from wastewater to meet stringent discharge water quality limits. Conventionally, the high separation efficiencies, relative low costs, small footprint, and ease of operation associated with integrated photocatalytic-membrane (IPM) technologies are gaining an all-inclusive attention. Conversely, photocatalysis and membrane technologies face some degree of setbacks, which limit their worldwide application in wastewater settings for the treatment of emerging contaminants. Therefore, this review elucidated titanium dioxide (TiO2), based on its unique properties (low cost, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and high chemical stability), to have great potential in engineering photocatalytic-based membranes for reclamation of wastewater for re-use. The environmental pathway of TiO2 nanoparticles, membranes and configuration types, modification process, characteristics, and applications of IPMs in water settings are discussed. Future research and prospects of magnetized TiO2-based membrane technology is highlighted as a viable water purification technology to mitigate fouling in the membrane process and photocatalyst recoverability. In addition, exploring life cycle assessment research would also aid in utilizing the concept and pressing for large-scale application of this technology.
Highlights
advanced oxidation process (AOP) differ from conventional chemical and biological changed in both photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical splitting of water using titania wastewater treatment systems theirfrom produced hydroxyl radicals potent oxidants
Dong et al [98] used the activation reaction to coat TiO2 nanotubes on a to the blockage of the membrane pores by TiO2 nanoparticles, the photocatalytic mempolyurethane (PU) membrane surface
This review study presents the photocatalytic membrane process as a game-changing technology to mitigate fouling and other drawbacks of membrane processes in addressing water scarcity and major environmental challenges
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Many researchers have pursued to develop new heterogeneous photocatalysts with a suitable crystal structure, high specific surface area, and easy separation and re-use capabilities [18,26,30,39] This includes synthesizing metal/TiO2 nanocomposites as an efficient way to improve TiO2 photocatalytic efficiency by enhancing its electron-hole separation [18,30,40]. In this review the basics of photocatalysis are discussed with TiO2 nanoparticles and recombination with membrane technology as well as the mechanisms involved to prioritize their usage in the water and wastewater treatment sector [46,47,48]
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