Abstract

Abstract. Discrete return and waveform lidar have demonstrated a capability to measure vegetation height and the associated structural attributes such as aboveground biomass and carbon storage. Since discrete return lidar (DRL) is mainly suitable for small scale studies and the only existing spaceborne lidar sensor (ICESat-GLAS) has been decommissioned, the current question is what the future holds in terms of large scale lidar remote sensing studies. The earliest planned future spaceborne lidar mission is ICESat-2, which will use a photon counting technique. To pre-validate the capability of this mission for studying three dimensional vegetation structure in savannas, we assessed the potential of the measurement approach to estimate canopy height in a typical savanna landscape. We used data from the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL), an airborne photon counting lidar sensor developed by NASA Goddard. MABEL fires laser pulses in the green (532 nm) and near infrared (1064 nm) bands at a nominal repetition rate of 10 kHz and records the travel time of individual photons that are reflected back to the sensor. The photons’ time of arrival and the instrument’s GPS positions and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) orientation are used to calculate the distance the light travelled and hence the elevation of the surface below. A few transects flown over the Tejon ranch conservancy in Kern County, California, USA were used for this work. For each transect we extracted the data from one near infrared channel that had the highest number of photons. We segmented each transect into 50 m, 25 m and 10 m long blocks and aggregated the photons in each block into a histogram based on their elevation values. We then used an expansion window algorithm to identify cut off points where the cumulative density of photons from the highest elevation resembles the canopy top and likewise where such cumulative density from the lowest elevation resembles mean ground elevation. These cut off points were compared to DRL derived canopy and mean ground elevations. The correlation between MABEL and DRL derived metrics ranged from R2 = 0.70, RMSE = 7.9 m to R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 2.9 m. Overall, the results were better when analysis was done at smaller block sizes, mainly due to the large variability of terrain relief associated with increased block size. However, the increase in accuracy was more dramatic when block size was reduced from 50 m to 25 m than it was from 25 m to 10 m. Our work has demonstrated the capability of photon counting lidar to estimate canopy height in savannas at MABEL's signal and noise levels. However, analysis of the Advanced Topography Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) sensor on ICESat-2 indicate that signal photons will be substantially lower than those of MABEL while sensor noise will vary as a function of solar illumination, altitude and declination, as well as the topographic and reflectance properties of surfaces. Therefore, there are reasons to believe that the actual data from ICESat-2 will give poorer results due to a lower sampling rate and use of only the green wavelength. Further analysis using simulated ATLAS data are required before more definitive results are possible, and these analyses are ongoing.

Highlights

  • Lidar remote sensing provides a means to directly estimate the three dimensional biophysical parameters of vegetation using the physical interactions of the emitted pulse with the vegetation structure being illuminated

  • One widely demonstrated application of lidar has been the estimation of canopy height, which is in turn related to aboveground woody biomass, an important quantity in monitoring carbon storage and dynamics in vegetation systems and central to global carbon cycle studies

  • This paper reports work that used Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL) data from one selected channel to generally investigate the prospects of photon counting lidar in retrieving 3-D vegetation structural attributes in a savanna landscape

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Summary

Introduction

Lidar remote sensing provides a means to directly estimate the three dimensional biophysical parameters of vegetation using the physical interactions of the emitted pulse with the vegetation structure being illuminated. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) aboard the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) has been the only available spaceborne lidar sensor and it has provided waveform data with a proven capability to estimate canopy height in various ecosystems (Lefsky, et al, 2007; Duncanson et al, 2010; Xing et al, 2010; Lefsky, 2010; Simard et al, 2011; Gwenzi & Lefsky, 2014a). Unlike GLAS, that used a full waveform recording technique, ATLAS will use a single photon counting technique. A single photon counting lidar (SPL) system fires thousands of laser pulses per second and records the travel time of individual photons that are reflected back to the sensor. The primary objective of ICESat-2 will be the quantification of ice sheets and sea ice but just like ICESat-GLAS, vegetation height retrieval for biomass assessment is a science objective, not a mission requirement

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