Prospects of non-catalytic supercritical methyl acetate process in biodiesel production

Abstract

Conventional biodiesel production methods utilize alcohol as acyl acceptor and produces glycerol as side product. Hence, with escalating production of biodiesel throughout the world, it leads to oversupply of glycerol and subsequently causes devaluation in the market. In this study, methyl acetate was employed as acyl acceptor in non-catalytic supercritical methyl acetate (SCMA) process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and side product of triacetin, a valuable fuel additive instead of glycerol. Consequently, the properties of biodiesel produced (FAME and triacetin) are superior compared to conventional biodiesel method (FAME only). In this research, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Apart from that, the influence of impurities commonly found in waste oils/fats such as free fatty acids and water were studied as well and compared with methanol-based reactions of supercritical and heterogeneous catalysis. Results show that biodiesel yields in SCMA process could achieve 99 wt.% when the operating conditions were fixed at 400 °C/220 bar for reaction temperature, methyl acetate/oil molar ratio of 30:1 and 60 min of reaction time. Furthermore, SCMA did not suffer from adverse effect with the presence of impurities, proving that SCMA has a high tolerance towards contamination which is crucial to allow the utilization of inexpensive waste oils/fats as biodiesel feedstock.