Abstract
Nanostructured materials are promising compounds that offer new opportunities as sensing platforms for the detection of biomolecules. Having micrometer-scale length and nanometer-scale diameters, nanomaterials can be manipulated with current nanofabrication methods, as well as self-assembly techniques, to fabricate nanoscale bio-sensing devices. Nanostructured materials possess extraordinary physical, mechanical, electrical, thermal and multifunctional properties. Such unique properties advocate their use as biomimetic membranes to immobilize and modify biomolecules on the surface of nanoparticles. Alignment, uniform dispersion, selective growth and diameter control are general parameters which play critical roles in the successful integration of nanostructures for the fabrication of bioelectronic sensing devices. In this review, we focus on different types and aspects of nanomaterials, including their synthesis, properties, conjugation with biomolecules and their application in the construction of immunosensing devices. Some key results from each cited article are summarized by relating the concept and mechanism behind each sensor, experimental conditions and the behavior of the sensor under different conditions, etc. The variety of nanomaterial-based bioelectronic devices exhibiting novel functions proves the unique properties of nanomaterials in such sensing devices, which will surely continue to expand in the future. Such nanomaterial based devices are expected to have a major impact in clinical immunodiagnostics, environmental monitoring, security surveillance and for ensuring food safety.
Highlights
Antibody-antigen interactions are by their very nature complexations and it follows that the affinity reaction must be only minimally perturbed by the fabrication procedure to allow the immunosensors to display reproducible response characteristics
Interest in the unique properties associated with materials having structures on a nanometer scale such as nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanospheres, nanorings, nanoribbons, nanocomb, nanoflowers, nanofibers, nanoparticles, and nanocomposite materials had increasing number of applications in biomedical sciences
These nanostructured materials exhibits biocompatibility, non-toxicity, specific surface area, high chemical and thermal stability, electro-catalytic activity and fast electron communication features, which make them suitable materials as immobilization platform or labels for the sensitive recognition events
Summary
Nanostructured materials are a new class of materials which provide one of the greatest potentials for improving the performance and extending their applications in various fields of material sciences and technology, as well as biomedical sciences [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Nanometer-scale materials display dominant physical properties which are different from those of their bulk counterparts. These are key features of nanomaterials which play an important role in the advancement of nanotechnology in human healthcare [1,2,13,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. We highlight the applications of nanostructured materials in the development of clinical immunodiagnostic devices
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