Abstract
This paper investigated the prospects of biodiesel production from macadamia oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The biodiesel was produced using conventional transesterification process using the base catalyst (KOH). A multi-cylinder diesel engine was used to evaluate the performance and emission of 5% (B5) and 20% (B20) macadamia biodiesel fuel at different engine speeds and full load condition. It was found that the characteristics of biodiesel are within the limit of specified standards American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) and comparable to diesel fuel. This study also found that the blending of macadamia biodiesel–diesel fuel significantly improves the fuel properties including viscosity, density (D), heating value and oxidation stability (OS). Engine performance results indicated that macadamia biodiesel fuel sample reduces brake power (BP) and increases brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) while emission results indicated that it reduces the average carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions except nitrogen oxides (NOx) than diesel fuel. Finally, it can be concluded that macadamia oil can be a possible source for biodiesel production and up to 20% macadamia biodiesel can be used as a fuel in diesel engines without modifications.
Highlights
The price hiking of petroleum derived fossil fuel and the depletion of the reserve of those fuels have attributed to the necessity of alternative fuel research [1]
The crude oil from macadamia was characterised by viscosity, density, flash point (FP), acid value, and higher heating value (HHV)
particulate matter (PM) emission significantly to diesel fuel, rpm and speed, this result is in agreement with the reported by Qi significantly compared to diesel fuel, and this result is in agreement with the results reported byby Qi significantly compared to diesel fuel, and this result is in agreement with the results reported et al [43]
Summary
The price hiking of petroleum derived fossil fuel and the depletion of the reserve of those fuels have attributed to the necessity of alternative fuel research [1]. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats and waste cooking oil through transesterification process [2,3,4]. Researchers have been trying to find out the biodiesel sources and already there are more than 350 oil-bearing crops that have been introduced to produce biodiesel [9,10]. The conventional biodiesel sources are palm, jatropha, coconut, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, jojoba, neem, karanja, calophyllum, moringa, cotton, castor oil, and microalgae [11,12,13,14,15]. The feedstocks of biodiesel should be chosen from the sources that are locally available, accessible, and economically feasible and technically viable [16]
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