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Abstract
Lentiviruses are infectious agents of a number of animal species, including sheep, goats, horses, monkeys, cows, and cats, in addition to humans. As in the human case, the host immune response fails to control the establishment of chronic persistent infection that finally leads to a specific disease development. Despite intensive research on the development of lentivirus vaccines, it is still not clear which immune responses can protect against infection. Viral mutations resulting in escape from T-cell or antibody-mediated responses are the basis of the immune failure to control the infection. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against viral infections in an antigen-independent manner. Antiviral innate responses are conducted by dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, often targeted by lentiviruses, and intrinsic antiviral mechanisms exerted by all cells. Intrinsic responses depend on the recognition of the viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), and the signaling cascades leading to an antiviral state by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including restriction factors. This review describes the latest advances on innate immunity related to the infection by animal lentiviruses, centered on small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and feline (FIV) and bovine immunodeficiency viruses (BIV), specifically focusing on the antiviral role of the major restriction factors described thus far.
Highlights
IntroductionLentiviruses are retroviruses that induce slow-developing diseases commonly unnoticed for several months or even years, until the final clinical stages that inexorably lead to the individual’s death
Lentiviruses are retroviruses that induce slow-developing diseases commonly unnoticed for several months or even years, until the final clinical stages that inexorably lead to the individual’s death.In spite of tremendous efforts aiming at controlling lentiviral infections in the last 40 years, a definitive strategy to limit the spread of the infection has not yet been developed [1]
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats have an innate immune defect that is reflected in impaired clearance of the infecting pathogen inoculated subcutaneously, suggesting dendritic cells (DC) dysfunction related to antigen presentation and migratory capacities, rather than to Treg induction as it occurs in HIV-1 infection [71]
Summary
Lentiviruses are retroviruses that induce slow-developing diseases commonly unnoticed for several months or even years, until the final clinical stages that inexorably lead to the individual’s death. Vpu is dedicated to dock tetherin and degrade it via proteasome, and the high genetic heterogeneity found within the capsid region is likely a consequence of long-lasting direct contact with TRIM5α proteins. This so-called “evolutionary arms race” has led to a strong purifying selection in somatic genes encoding virus-interacting proteins. Recent advances in the control of non-primate lentiviruses based on early diagnosis, vaccination, and innate immunity are compared, with special attention to the intrinsic restriction factors, envisioning new strategies oriented to control lentivirus occurrence
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