Abstract
The increasing use of antibiotics is being driven by factors such as the aging of the population, increased occurrence of infections, and greater prevalence of chronic diseases that require antimicrobial treatment. The excessive and unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans has led to the emergence of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics currently available, as well as to the selective development of other microorganisms, hence contributing to the widespread dissemination of resistance genes at the environmental level. Due to this, attempts are being made to develop new techniques to combat resistant bacteria, among them the use of strictly lytic bacteriophage particles, CRISPR–Cas, and nanotechnology. The use of these technologies, alone or in combination, is promising for solving a problem that humanity faces today and that could lead to human extinction: the domination of pathogenic bacteria resistant to artificial drugs. This prospective paper discusses the potential of bacteriophage particles, CRISPR–Cas, and nanotechnology for use in combating human (bacterial) infections.
Highlights
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Translational Pharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology
The excessive and unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans has led to the emergence of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics currently available, as well as to the selective development of other microorganisms, contributing to the widespread dissemination of resistance genes at the environmental level
Attempts are being made to develop new techniques to combat resistant bacteria, among them the use of strictly lytic bacteriophage particles, CRISPR–Cas, and nanotechnology. The use of these technologies, alone or in combination, is promising for solving a problem that humanity faces today and that could lead to human extinction: the domination of pathogenic bacteria resistant to artificial drugs. This prospective paper discusses the potential of bacteriophage particles, CRISPR–Cas, and nanotechnology for use in combating human infections
Summary
Since their discovery in 1929, antibiotics have been widely used in human and veterinary medicine, either for treatments or in attempts to prevent bacterial infections. The CRISPR–Cas tool offers a new possibility of fighting multidrug bacteria, some studies show that they do not present activity in some strains, as demonstrated by Hullahalli et al (2017, 2018) in studies with Enterococcus faecalis where they present a study that determines the genetic basis of phenotypes associated with CRISPR–Cas tolerance, showing the importance of having a better knowledge of the response of organisms and possible strategies for dealing with conflicts induced by the use of CRISPRS, which may lead to tolerant phenotypes to this tool These studies show that knowledge of the genome and the metabolic pathways of the different resistant multidrug bacteria should be investigated so that resistance problems will not occur in the future in relation to new strategies used to fight resistant bacteria
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