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Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vital nutrient that belongs to the group of antioxidants. Vitamin C plays an important role in the functioning of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), including maturation and differentiation of neurons, formation of myelin, synthesis of catecholamines, modulation of neurotransmission and antioxidant protection. Neurological diseases and mental disorders are characterized by increased generation of free radicals. At the same time, the highest concentrations of vitamin C are found in the brain and neuroendocrine tissues. It is believed that vitamin C can affect the age of debut and the course of many neurological diseases and mental disorders. However, its potential therapeutic role continues to be studied. The efficacy and safety of vitamin C is likely influenced by the pharmacogenetic profile of the patient, including the carriage of single-nucleotide variants (SNVS), candidate genes associated with vitamin C metabolism in the human body in normal and neuropsychic disorders. The purpose of this thematic review is to update current knowledge about the role of vitamin C pharmacogenetics in the efficacy and safety of its use in neurological diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc.) and mental disorders (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.). Special attention is paid to the possibility of translating the results of pharmacogenetic studies into real clinical practice in neurology and psychiatry.
Highlights
Ascorbic acid belongs to the group of water-soluble vitamins
In the human body, vitamin C can exist in two forms: reduced form - ascorbic acid (AA), which at a physiological pH value is in the anionic form of ascorbate; oxidized form – oxidized dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), which is the product of two-electron oxidation of (AA)
Since ascorbic acid and DHA are transported in vivo, it is important to consider the intestinal absorption of both forms
Summary
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, ascorbate) belongs to the group of water-soluble vitamins. In the human body , vitamin C can exist in two forms: reduced form - ascorbic acid (AA), which at a physiological pH value is in the anionic form of ascorbate; oxidized form – oxidized dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), which is the product of two-electron oxidation of (AA). As a result of metabolic processes in the form of single-electron oxidation, an ascorbate free radical can be formed This type of metabolite can subsequently undergo dismutation with the formation of ascorbate and DHA [1] (Figure 1, 2). People are deprived of the ability to synthesize vitamin C independently due to the absence of the enzyme l-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase, which is an element of the metabolic pathway responsible for the synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose [1][7]. This is the reason for the strict dependence of the human body on the intake of vitamin C with food (Table 1)
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