Prospects for multi-messenger extended emission from core-collapse supernovae in the Local Universe

Abstract

Multi-messenger emissions from SN1987A and GW170817/GRB170817A suggest a Universe rife with multi-messenger transients associated with black holes and neutron stars. For LIGO-Virgo, soon to be joined by KAGRA, these observations promise unprecedented opportunities to probe the central engines of core-collapse supernovae (CC-SNe) and gamma-ray bursts. Compared to neutron stars, central engines powered by black hole-disk or torus systems may be of particular interest to multi-messenger observations by the relatively large energy reservoir $E_J$ of angular momentum, up to 29\% of total mass in the Kerr metric. These central engines are expected from relatively massive stellar progenitors and compact binary coalescence involving a neutron star. We review prospects of multi-messenger emission by catalytic conversion of $E_J$ by a non-axisymmetric disk or torus. Observational support for this radiation process is found in a recent identification of ${\cal E}\simeq (3.5\pm1)\%M_\odot c^2$ in Extended Emission to GW170817 at a significance of 4.2\,$\sigma$ concurrent with GRB170817A. A prospect on similar emissions from nearby CC-SNe justifies the need for all-sky blind searches of long duration bursts by heterogeneous computing.