Prospective control trial: flexible CO2 laser vs. monopolar electrocautery for robotic microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord.

Abstract

Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC) is a treatment option in patients with chronic orchialgia. This procedure requires precise care to avoid any thermal damage to crucial adjacent tissues (arteries, veins, and lymphatics). Monopolar electrocautery is the standard ligation energy source, but may cause extensive collateral damage to the tissues. However, CO2 laser is known to produce a very predictable tissue penetration and minimal collateral spread. The goal of this study was to compare the extent of collateral thermal damage in both monopolar electrocautery and CO2 laser ablation in the spermatic cord during a robotic assisted MDSC (RMDSC) procedure as well as the feasibility for utilizing the flexible fiber-optic CO2 laser probe after "RMDSC" procedure. RMDSC was performed using standard monopolar electrocautery on the spermatic cord of one side of a fresh human male cadaver (randomly selected) and then compared to RMDSC using the CO2 laser on the contralateral spermatic cord. Nine histological cross-sections from each cord were measured for depth of collateral thermal/cautery injury. The mean collateral thermal injury with CO2 laser was 0.17 ± 0.031 mm (range: 0.15-0.25 mm), and with standard electrocautery 0.72 ± 0.046 mm (range: 0.60-0.75 mm). CO2 laser resulted significantly less collateral thermal injury than standard electrocautery (p < 0.0001). The CO2 laser probe was easy to manipulate with the Black Diamond micro-forceps (Intuitive Surgical, CA) and allowed for convenient tissue plane dissection. Human cadaveric targeted RMDSC using a flexible CO2 laser energy results in significantly decreased collateral thermal injury compared to standard monopolar electrocautery. These initial findings suggest potential advantages of the CO2 laser over traditional monopolar cautery in cases requiring minimal collateral tissue damage. Future studies are needed to assess its clinical potential in microsurgery.