Abstract
Microelement contents and metabolism are vitally important for cereal plant growth and development as well as end-use properties. While minerals phytotoxicity harms plants, microelement deficiency also affects human health. Genetic engineering provides a promising way to solve these problems. As plants vary in abilities to uptake, transport, and accumulate minerals, and the key enzymes acting on that process is primarily presented in this review. Subsequently, microelement function and biosafety assessment of transgenic cereal plants have become a key issue to be addressed. Progress in genetic engineering of cereal plants has been made with the introduction of quality, high-yield, and resistant genes since the first transgenic rice, corn, and wheat were born in 1988, 1990, and 1992, respectively. As the biosafety issue of transgenic cereal plants has now risen to be a top concern, many studies on transgenic biosafety have been carried out. Transgenic cereal biosafety issues mainly include two subjects, environmental friendliness and end-use safety. Different levels of gene confirmation, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and nutritiomics, absorption, metabolism, and function have been investigated. Also, the different levels of microelement contents have been measured in transgenic plants. Based on the motivation of the requested biosafety, systematic designs, and analysis of transgenic cereal are also presented in this review paper.
Highlights
Rice, corn, and wheat are the three main staples, providing 60 percent of the world’s food energy intake
Lots of work has been done to compare genetically modified (GM) crops and their non-transgenic counterparts (Yang et al, 2013; Wang L. et al, 2015). These comparative analyses were mostly conducted by proteomics methods, which mainly use two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to distinguish differential proteins or protein content between GM crops and their wild types (Barros et al, 2010; Brandão et al, 2010; Yang et al, 2013; Wang L. et al, 2015)
Other compositions containing amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutritive components have been analyzed to investigate the biosafety of GM crops (Li et al, 2007; Li X. et al, 2008; Barros et al, 2010; Wang et al, 2012; Gayen et al, 2013)
Summary
Corn, and wheat are the three main staples, providing 60 percent of the world’s food energy intake. Simultaneous overexpression of both the ATPS and SMT genes from the Se hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus in Indian mustard resulted in 4–9 times increased accumulation of Se in transgenic lines (LeDuc et al, 2004, 2006).
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