Prospect of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Osteoporosis.

Babak Arjmand,Bagher Larijani,Moloud Payab,Parisa Goodarzi,Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam,Neda Mehrdad,Masoumeh Sarvari,Kambiz Gilany

doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00430

Abstract

The field of cell therapy and regenerative medicine can hold the promise of restoring normal tissues structure and function. Additionally, the main targets of stem cell-based therapies are chronic diseases and lifelong disabilities without definite cures such as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis as one of the important causes of morbidity in older men and post-menopausal women is characterized by reduced bone quantity or skeletal tissue atrophy that leads to an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. The common therapeutic methods for osteoporosis only can prevent the loss of bone mass and recover the bone partially. Nevertheless, stem cell-based therapy is considered as a new approach to regenerate the bone tissue. Herein, mesenchymal stem cells as pivotal candidates for regenerative medicine purposes especially bone regeneration are the most common type of cells with anti-inflammatory, immune-privileged potential, and less ethical concerns than other types of stem cells which are investigated in osteoporosis. Based on several findings, the mesenchymal stem cells effectiveness near to a great extent depends on their secretory function. Indeed, they can be involved in the establishment of normal bone remodeling via initiation of specific molecular signaling pathways. Accordingly, the aim herein was to review the effects of stem cell-based therapies in osteoporosis.

Highlights

Osteoporosis as a chronic and long-term skeletal disorder is more common in senile people [1,2,3,4]
In 1993, osteoporosis is defined as “progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture” by World Health Organization (WHO) [9,10,11,12]
Implementation of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) as the autologous treatment for decreasing the aging processes which lead to osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders is taken into consideration

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Osteoporosis as a chronic and long-term skeletal disorder is more common in senile people (in men after age 65 and women after age 55 years) [1,2,3,4]. Cell-based regenerative medicine can be invaluable in osteoporosis treatment through bone resorption modulation, fractures susceptibility reduction, and lost mineral density enhancement These are possible by increasing the number of progenitor stem cells and improve the function of stem cells (proliferation and differentiation into bone-forming cells) [20, 102, 105, 106]. Implementation of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) (non-hematopoietic pluripotent cells that express embryonic characteristics markers and stored during the organogenesis in organs and tissues) as the autologous treatment for decreasing the aging processes which lead to osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders is taken into consideration. There is a reduction in endogenous MSCs function (proliferation, differentiation, and bones formation) They are the most common types of stem cells investigated in osteoporosis treatment. MSC transplantation might open a new chapter in osteoporosis treatment through paracrine effects (Figure 2) [140,141,142,143]

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Findings

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