Abstract
The single distance-based toll has been applied to overall urban expressway networks. The study proposes the route-based toll system for urban expressways in terms of spatial demand response pricing policy. The purpose of the study is to formulate the combinatorial optimization problem for individual distance-based toll for each route. Therefore, the ant colony optimization method is applied as an essential swarm intelligence technique in this study. This study discussed the practical modification and efficient promotion of ant colony algorithm. Finally, the efficient combination of route-based tolls is proposed to reduce the total travel time on the urban networks.
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