Abstract
This study was conducted on Miłkowskie Lake (23.7 ha; 15.0 m) in the context of implementing new restoration methods for improving the water quality. The study found that the nutrient loads introduced into the lake from catchment are higher than the critical concentrations for the ecosystem. This indicates the need to cut off or at least reduce the main sources of pollution. The primary production in the lake is extremely large: oxygen saturation of the surface water above 200%, pH value of 9.44, chlorophyll a content of 70.98 mg m−3, and a low visibility of 0.5 m. The most important step in maintaining good lake quality will be to redirect waters of the main inflows SI-1 and SI-2 to the hypolimnion zone by pipelines. A complementary method for discharging the polluted water to the hypolimnion zone will be the phosphorus inactivation method by using iron and aluminum coagulants. After the application of spring doses of coagulants, an anti-cyanobacterial preparation will be introduced into the water in the “active bottom” zone, and then bioremediation by a microbiological probiotic preparation will be applied to the sediment in the same zone. A new complex protection and restoration method should be supported in the form of biomanipulation.
Highlights
Fresh water pollution due to the discharge of untreated communal and rain effluents into bodies of water is a major global problem
Miłkowskie Lake lies in the drainage basin of the rivers Pisa, Narew and Vistula and belongs to the macro-region known as the Masurian Lake District [20]
Analysis of the trophic status index (TSI) point scale showed that Miłkowskie Lake should be classified as a sewage), the average value of water transparency measured as the Secchi disc visibility was
Summary
Fresh water pollution due to the discharge of untreated communal and rain effluents into bodies of water is a major global problem. The appearance of oxygen losses in water over-bottom sediment during stagnation periods leads to a reduction of the redox potential and to the release of reduced ions from sediments into the near bottom water In this situation, bottom sediments cease to be a nutrient trap, and, in particular, a trap for phosphorus, the most important factor causing eutrophication [8,9]. To improve the quality of lake water in Poland and around the world, restoration treatments (technical and biological) have been developed, which cause permanent nutrient immobilization in the sediments or the removal of the excess beyond a lake ecosystem [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. In degraded reservoirs, where bottom sediments have become a secondary source of water pollution, protective measures are insufficient In this case, it is necessary to design an effective restoration method. They will consist in the modernization of the Sewage Treatment Plant in the village of Miłki and the construction of an open channel, the bottom of which can be lined with sorption material (expanded clay) covered with hydrophilic plants
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