Abstract
Violence among spectators at sports events has become a serious problem, not only for its evident impact on safety, but also from the perspective of environmental, cultural, economic and social sustainability. Although it could be considered a purely social problem, some solutions could come from a smart and efficient design and management of the lighting installations. Thus, the management of sports installations requires deep considerations of lighting technology for three reasons: (1) accurate illumination allows the users to achieve their visual task with comfort and safety; (2) the energy consumption of sports facilities can be decreased with an efficient design of the lighting installation; and (3) the lighting impacts some psychological and physiological aspects such as arousal, stress or relaxation which are directly related to violence. In this work, the recent advances on the matter of light sources and non-visual effects of light are deployed within a new proposal of dynamic Light-emitting diode (LED) lighting to decrease violence among spectators. Here, sustainable sports facilities are considered from a global perspective where accurate illumination in each zone (court, bleachers, training rooms and surrounding streets) plays an important role in violence avoidance.
Highlights
Violence and aggressive behavior are unfortunate events that have become increasingly common in sports
Departing from the considerations above on apparently separate fields such as violence among spectators, lighting technology and the effects of light on humans, this study proposes a dynamic lighting installation in sports facilities in order to decrease violence among spectators via the non-visual effects of light
The regulation and recommendations in matter of illumination are well established for the sport activity itself, there is a wide range of variability in other installations belonging to the sport facility that have a deep impact in sport performance, facility profitability and sustainability even higher than the court itself
Summary
Violence and aggressive behavior are unfortunate events that have become increasingly common in sports. Given its huge impact from the perspectives of safety, economy and consumption of all kind of resources, several studies have proposed actions to minimize such acts [1]. Their impact is so deep that it has led authorities to take actions such as the “European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events and in particular at Football Matches” (Council of Europe, 1985) after the tragic events at football matches involving fans. Beyond Europe, the cost of violence at sports events in financial and personal terms has been a big concern in countries such as the US, where breaking news shocked the public some years ago: due to serious injuries to one man after a match, a jury fined the corporation of one baseball team. In Australia, the National Committee on Violence indicated in 1990 that illegitimate violence in sports is an issue of concern in Australian society [3]
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