Proposal for a subdivision of the family Psathyrellaceae based on a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with iterative multigene guide tree

Abstract

The family Psathyrellaceae was analysed using phylogenetic and morphological characters. A total of 18,133 sequences (ITS, 5.8S, LSU, ef-1α, β-tubulin), with 45 newly generated, were evaluated from a wide geographic sampling. Special attention was given to the alignment procedures and an iterative multigene guide tree was used to achieve the best possible phylogenetic hypotheses. A new generic system is proposed, which includes the known genera Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, Cystoagaricus, Homophron, Hormographiella, Kauffmania, Lacrymaria, Parasola, Psathyrella and Typhrasa. Six new, monophyletic genera are recognized, viz. Candolleomyces, Britzelmayria, Narcissea, Olotia, Punjabia and Tulosesus, and the corresponding new combinations are proposed. Galerella floriformis is shown to belong to the Psathyrellaceae and the new genus Hausknechtia is erected for it. Psathyrella is subdivided into 18 sections (sections Noli-tangere, Saponaceae, Stridvalliorum, Arenosae, Confusae, Sublatisporae, Sinefibularum are new), and sections Pennatae, Pygmaeae and Pseudostropharia are emended. Coprinellus is divided into nine sections (Disseminati, Aureogranulati, Curti, Hepthemeri and Deminuti are new), and 20 sections are proposed for Coprinopsis (Cinereae, Filamentiferae, Melanthinae, Alopeciae, Xenobiae, Phlyctidosporae, Krieglsteinerorum, Erythrocephalae, Geesteranorum, Mitraesporae, Radiatae, Subniveae and Canocipes are new). And lastly, Parasola is divided into sections Parasola and Conopileae. Many problematic species groups still need revision. A key to the genera based on morphological characters is included.