Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide overall information on Argentine propolis and to shed light on its potential, especially the one from the Monte region so as to support future research in the field. Around 1999, the Argentine propolis began to be chemically and functionally characterized to give it greater added value. Because Argentina has a wide plant biodiversity, it is expected that its propolis will have various botanical origins, and consequently, a different chemical composition. To date, five types have been defined. Based on their functionality, several products have been developed for use in human and veterinary medicine and in animal and human food. Because the Argentine propolis with the greatest potential is that of the Monte eco-region, this review will describe the findings of the last 20 years on this propolis, its botanical source (Zuccagnia punctata Cav.), its chemical composition, and a description of markers of chemical quality (chalcones) and functionality. Propolis can regulate the activity of various pro-inflammatory enzymes and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism enzymes, as well as remove reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Consequently, it can modulate metabolic syndrome and could be used as a functional ingredient in food. Furthermore, hydroalcoholic extracts can act against human and animal pathogenic bacteria and human yeast, and mycelial pathogenic fungi. The ability to stop the growth of post-harvest pathogenic bacteria and fungi was also demonstrated. For this reason, Argentine propolis are natural products capable of protecting crops and increasing the lifespan of harvested fruit and vegetables. Several reports indicate the potential of Argentine propolis to be used in innovative products to improve health, food preservation, and packaging. However, there is still much to learn about these natural products to make a wholesome use of them.
Highlights
Propolis is a natural product produced by Apis mellifera from resins collected from different parts of plants, namely, buds, young leaves, stems, and cracks in the bark, by mixing with wax and saliva
The aim of this review is to provide overall information on Argentine propolis and to shed light on their potential, placing special emphasis on propolis from the Monte region in order to both promote their use and support future research
Because Argentina has a wide plant biodiversity with several phytogeographical regions (Monte region, Gran Chaco region, Puna and Prepuna regions, and Yunga region), it is expected that its propolis will have various botanical origins and, a different chemical composition according to the place where the hives are placed
Summary
Propolis (bee glue) is a natural product produced by Apis mellifera from resins collected from different parts of plants, namely, buds, young leaves, stems, and cracks in the bark, by mixing with wax and saliva. The vegetation around the hives and the preference of honeybees toward specific available botanical sources, determines its chemical diversity; different propolis types exist. Some studies suggest common plant sources and similar chemical profiles for large geographical areas. Clusia minor was described as the plant source of Venezuela propolis [32]. A brown propolis from Clusia rosea resin and a red propolis from Dalbergia spp. were described in Cuba [33]. According to Koenig (1995) [34] and Montenegro et al (2001) [35], the most frequent botanical sources of propolis from central Chile are Salix humboldtiana and Eucalyptus globulus
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