Abstract
Inflammation is an important biological event in host defenses against bacterial or viral infections. However, excessive inflammatory responses by aberrantly activated macrophages, producing excess amounts of inflammatory mediators, which disrupt immune homeostasis and result in immunopathological conditions such as sepsis. Sepsis was recognized as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome after serious infections, most commonly with bacteria, which have a high mortality rate. Propolis (Prop) could be used as adjuvant therapy in the management of sepsis. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Prop against sepsis-induced in rats. Evaluation of complete blood count, activity of liver function enzymes in serum; alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were recorded. Oxidant/antioxidant markers in liver tissue namely; malonaldehyde, nitrites/nitrates, glutathione disulfide, glutathione levels, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Also, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E-2 levels in both serum and liver tissue were estimated. Furthermore, interleukin-8, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes expression were determined. Histopathological examination of liver tissue was investigated. Brain neurotransmitters; Dopamine, Norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were also determined against sepsis-induced inflammation. The present study indicated that Prop could be an efficient protector that resets sepsis-induced severe oxidative stress, inflammation and improve the immune response of the liver as well as septic neurotoxic problems.
Highlights
Sepsis is a major global health problem, representing a challenge for physicians all over the world
As illustrated in Table (2), Sepsis induction showed significant changes at p
If compared to Sepsis group, Prop & Sepsis treated rats exhibited a decrease in WBCs whole count, precisely in neutrophils, together with an increase in lymphocytes, those changes were of a significant change at p
Summary
Sepsis is a major global health problem, representing a challenge for physicians all over the world. New guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock were developed in 2016, providing an update on this area. Pathogenesis of acute liver injury were known to involve a complex interplay of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and necrosis (Shi et al, 2017). Sepsis causes various complications as cardiac dysfunction, liver disorder, kidney and brain injury as well. Septic patients with those complications suffer from brain dysfunction, known as septic encephalopathy, were reported earlier and more frequent than those in other systems (Gofton and Young, 2012). Sepsis was reported to trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death in the brain with clinical manifestation ranges from mild delirium to deep coma (Gofton and Young, 2012)
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