Abstract
Myoblast activation is a triggering event for muscle remodeling. We assessed the stimulatory effects of propolis, a beehive product, on myoblasts. After an 8 h treatment with 100 μg/mL of Brazilian propolis ethanol extract, expression of various chemokines, including CCL-2 and CCL-5, and cytokines, such as IL-6, increased. This propolis-induced cytokine production appears to depend on NF-κB activation, because the IKK inhibitor BMS-345541 repressed mRNA levels of CCL-2 by ~66%, CCL-5 by ~81%, and IL-6 by ~69% after propolis treatment. Supernatant from propolis-conditioned C2C12 cells upregulated RAW264 macrophage migration. The supernatant also stimulated RAW264 cells to produce angiogenic factors, including VEGF-A and MMP-12. Brazilian green propolis therefore causes myoblasts to secrete cytokines and chemokines, which might contribute to tissue remodeling of skeletal muscle.
Highlights
We found that propolis ethanol extract (PEE) induced expression of IL-6, LIF, CCL-2, CCL-5, and CXCL10 in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells through NF-κB activation
We tested a dose of 100 μg/mL PEE for toxicity to C2C12 cells
In addition to CCL-2, we proposed that PEE might stimulate the induction of other chemokines in C2C12 cells
Summary
Myoblasts and myocytes produce the chemokines that attract monocytes to skeletal muscle [3]. PEE produced from Brazilian green propolis and its major chemical constituents, namely, artepillin C and coumaric acid, promote glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This suggests that PEE has the potential to modulate the basic cellular function of mature myocytes [9]. Despite these pioneering studies, there is little information about the effects of propolis on myoblasts
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