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Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of propofol on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells, and the mechanism of action involved.
 Methods: SKOV3 cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into control group, fat emulsion group, low-dose propofol group (LDPG, 25 μmol/L), medium-dose propofol group (MDPG) (50 μmol/L) and high-dose propofol group (HDPG) (100 μmol/L). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, while Transwell assay was used to measure the migration and invasion abilities of the cells. The protein levels of ERK1/2, MMP-2, MMP-9 were assayed with Western blotting. Moreover, the cells were transfected with siERK, and the regulatory effect of propofol on ERK1/2-MMP-2/9 signaling pathway was determined.
 Results: Apoptosis in HDPG was significantly reduced, relative to MDPG, while migration and invasion were enhanced, relative to MDPG (p < 0.05). Moreover, MMP-2, ERK1/2, and MMP-9 proteins were significantly higher in MDPG and HDPG than in control, fat emulsion and LDPGs (p < 0.05), and were upregulated in HDPGs, relative to MDPG (p < 0.05). In contrast, propofol did not up-regulate these proteins in siRNA-treated cells.
 Conclusion: Propofol enhances the migration, proliferation, and invasive ability SKOV3 cells, and upregulates the expressions of MMP-2, ERK1/2, and MMP-9 in these cells, via a mechanism related to the activation of ERK1/2-MMP-2/9 signaling route. These properties provide novel leads for the development of new drugs for ovarian cancer
 Keywords: Propofol, ERK1/2-MMP-2/9 signal route, Ovarian cancer, Biological behavior
Highlights
Ovarian cancer, a malignant reproductive tumor with very high fatality, is usually characterized by metastasis into the pelvic region and abdominal cavity
Results from Western blotting showed that protein levels of MMP-2, ERK1/2, and MMP-9 in medium-dose propofol and high-dose propofol group (HDPG) were significantly higher than those in control, fat emulsion and LDPGs (p < 0.05)
The protein expressions of MMP-2, ERK1/2, and MMP-9 in high-dose propofol group were higher than values for medium-dose propofol group (MDPG) (p < 0.05; Table 3 and Figure 1)
Summary
A malignant reproductive tumor with very high fatality, is usually characterized by metastasis into the pelvic region and abdominal cavity. Due to the deep position of the ovaries in the pelvic cavity and the insidious nature of the disease, more than 70 % of the patients have metastasis at the time of diagnosis [1]. With progress in combined use of various methods and combined treatments from a variety of disciplines, early diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and the probability of radical operation have significantly increased. A variety of trauma stresses may cause abnormal immune function in the course of surgical treatment, and may lead to organ failure in severe cases. The inhibition of immune function by anesthesia, and the effect on tumor cells can directly affect the survival of patients [4]. There are few clinical studies on the effect of anesthesiology on the biological activity of ovarian cancer
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