Abstract
Sinkholes (or dolines) are an often-overlooked environmental hazard. The processes that lead to their formation are slow and insidious, which encourage a lack of awareness or concern for the potential danger, until the sudden, climactic formation leads to unexpected property damage and possibly human casualties. This research identifies the risk to residential properties to the sinkhole hazard, using Louisiana, United States as a case study. Risk is defined as the product of the hazard intensity and the loss to structure and contents within the building resulting from the hazard-related disaster. Results suggest that risk is highly scale-dependent. Although the risk due to sinkholes is small on a per capita basis statewide, especially when compared to the per capita risk of other natural hazards, the property risk for census tracts or census blocks partially or completely overlying a salt dome is substantial. At finer scales, Terrebonne Parish, in coastal southeastern Louisiana, has the greatest concentration of salt domes, while Madison Parish, which is east of Monroe, has the highest percentage of area at risk for sinkhole formation, and St. Mary Parish—immediately west of Terrebonne—has the greatest risk of property loss. An Acadia Parish census tract has the maximum annual property losses in 2050 projected at $40,047 (2010$), and the highest projected annual per building ($43) and per capita ($18) property loss are in the same St. Mary Parish census tract. At the census block level, maximum annual property loss ($7,040) is projected for a census block within Cameron Parish, with maximum annual per building loss ($85 within West Baton Rouge Parish), and maximum per capita annual property loss ($120 within Plaquemines Parish). The method presented in this paper is developed generally, allowing application for risk assessment in other locations. The results generated by the methodology are important to local, state, and national emergency management efforts. Further, the general public of Louisiana, and other areas where the developed method is applied, may benefit by considering sinkhole risk when purchasing, remodeling, and insuring a property, including as a basis of comparison to the risk from other types of hazard.
Highlights
A sinkhole, known as a doline, is a closed, circular surface depression on the landscape with no natural external surface drainage, caused by the abrupt or slow collapse of land by solution weathering
The ratio of content value to structure value in the hazard area is assumed to be 0.75, with adjustments made for locations above vs. near the salt dome
It is assumed here that salt domes and sinkholes are both circular, and that losses are concentrated over the sinkhole itself, with the ratio of the largest sinkhole incident area in Louisiana to the largest salt dome area used to calculate the losses
Summary
A sinkhole, known as a doline, is a closed, circular surface depression on the landscape with no natural external surface drainage, caused by the abrupt or slow collapse of land by solution weathering. Sinkholes are most common in carbonate (i.e., limestone composed of calcite and less-commonly, dolostone composed of dolomite—karst environments), evaporite (i.e., composed of gypsum or halite), or other soluble rocks formed by the evaporation of water (Reynolds et al, 2021). Sinkholes are most common in areas of limestone or with abundant salt domes (i.e., sedimentary rock structure caused by massive salt uplift, often trapping oil and/or natural gas), with rainy or formerly rainy climates, but humans can accelerate sinkhole formation. There is a dearth of research on economic losses due to sinkholes
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