Abstract
A global demand for affordable, sustainable, and durable concrete has resulted in growing use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs). In the Western Cape Province of South Africa, the readily available SCM is Granulated Ground Corex Slag (GGCS), although fly ash can also be obtained. However, the availability of these SCMs, particularly GGCS, is subject to market and other extraneous factors, and this may render them vulnerable as sources of SCM for concrete. This points to the need for innovation and investigating other potential SCMs which are economically and environmentally effective. Metakaolin, a high-grade type of calcined clay, emerges as a possible potential future SCM in the Western Cape. This study aimed at investigating the influence of a locally available metakaolin on mechanical (compressive and tensile strength), and durability (concrete penetrability and potential to mitigate Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)) properties of Western Cape concrete. In comparison to GGCS, concretes with metakaolin showed superior performance in both mechanical and durability properties. This was attributed to its role in concrete in terms of accelerating hydration reactions, pozzolanic activity, and dilution effect. Metakaolin can therefore be regarded as a beneficial substitute for GGCS in Western Cape concrete. However, questions that remain include cost-effectiveness, and the awareness and willingness of industry to incorporate this material.
Highlights
12 billion tons of concrete produced in the construction industry uses 1.6 billion tons of Portland cement, annually [1]
This study focuses on investigating properties of concrete containing a locally available metakaolin for use as an alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) in the Western Cape concrete
It was observed that as metakaolin content increased to 20%, the strength increased
Summary
12 billion tons of concrete produced in the construction industry uses 1.6 billion tons of Portland cement, annually [1]. This contributes to high kiln fuel expenditure which affects production costs, and high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere, greenhouse gas effects. Manufacture of cement clinker produces 0.8 tons of CO2 per ton of cement [2], accounting for 5-8% of worldwide anthropogenic CO2 emissions [3]. This has led to global adoption of the use of
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