Properties of the volume operator in loop quantum gravity: I. Results

Abstract

We analyze the spectral properties of the volume operator of Ashtekar and Lewandowski in loop quantum gravity, which is the quantum analog of the classical volume expression for regions in three-dimensional Riemannian space. Our analysis considers for the first time generic graph vertices of valence greater than four. Here we find that the geometry of the underlying vertex characterizes the spectral properties of the volume operator; in particular the presence of a ‘volume gap’ (a smallest non-zero eigenvalue in the spectrum) is found to depend on the vertex embedding. We compute the set of all non-spatially diffeomorphic non-coplanar vertex embeddings for vertices of valence 5–7, and argue that these sets can be used to label spatial diffeomorphism invariant states. We observe how gauge invariance connects vertex geometry and representation properties of the underlying gauge group in a natural way. Analytical results on the spectrum of 4-valent vertices are included, for which the presence of a volume gap is shown. This paper presents our main results; details are provided by a companion paper (Brunnemann and Rideout 2007 Properties of the volume operator in loop quantum gravity: II. Detailed presentation Class. Quantum Grav. 25 065002).