Abstract
The study investigated the effects of the addition of starch on the properties of oil palm biomass particleboard bonded with citric acid. Three kinds of oil palm biomasses were used in this study for the fabrication of particleboard, namely, oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm trunk (OPT), and empty fruit bunch (EFB) particles. Citric acid and tapioca starch at the mixing ratios of 100:0, 87.5:12.5, and 75:25 were prepared at a 60% solid content. A 30% resin content based on the oven-dried weight of the oil palm biomass particles was used. The sprayed particles were pre-dried at 80 °C for 12 h before being hot-pressed at 180 °C and 4 MPa pressure for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated. The mixtures of citric acid and tapioca starch were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermal stability of citric acid was reduced after the addition of tapioca starch. The addition of 12.5% tapioca starch improved the bending strength of the particleboard but increased the thickness swelling slightly. All UF-bonded particleboard exhibited significantly inferior performance than that of citric-acid-bonded particleboard. Citric-acid-bonded particleboard maintained its original shape after being subjected to a cyclic-aging treatment, while the UF-bonded particleboard disintegrated half way through the treatment. The performance of EFB particleboard was significantly inferior to its OPT and OPF counterparts.
Highlights
Malaysia is one of the main palm oil producers and exporters worldwide
oil palm trunk (OPT) had the highest lignin content of 26.47% compared with oil palm frond (OPF) (19.93%) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) (21.17%)
The findings indicate that the citric acid inhibited water absorption by the particleboard during the water-immersion test [25]
Summary
Malaysia is one of the main palm oil producers and exporters worldwide. As of December 2020, the total oil palm planted area in Malaysia amounted to 5.865 million hectares. According to Khalil et al [3], the replanting activities and oil palm industry has generated at least 30 million tons of underutilized residues in the form of trunks, fronds, empty fruit bunches, and leaves every year. These oil palm biomasses could be categorized into two general types based on their generation sites. The remaining 25% are those generated at the mill sites after the extraction of fresh fruit bunches for palm oil, including empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm shell kernels, and palm oil mill effluent (POME) These oil palm biomass residues could be converted into value-added products to avoid wastage. Particleboard is one of the ideal options as any lignocellulosic materials could be used in particleboard production [5]
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