Properties of Bacterial Cellulose and Its Nanocrystalline Obtained from Pineapple Peel Waste Juice

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose is a type of biopolymers and has a magnitude of applications in food, paper, and textile industries, and as a biomaterial in cosmetics and medicine. Whilst, nanocrystalline cellulose is a kind of renewable and biocompatible nanomaterials that can find the vast application in biotechnology, medicine, and various technical areas. Bacterial cellulose and its nanocrystalline can be obtained by utilizing the agricultural waste. This work is focused on the characterization of bacterial cellulose and its nanocrystalline isolated from bacterial cellulose produced by using pineapple peel waste juice as a culture medium. Fourier-transform infrared analysis toward the original bacterial cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose indicated that both have the same chemical composition, however they have differences in crystallinity. The X-ray diffraction showed that both bacterial cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose have a polymorph structure of cellulose I. The original BC has more the allomorph structure of Iα with crystallinity index of 74%, but after hydrolysis process to become nanocrystalline cellulose has more the allomorph structure of Iβ with crystallinity index of 89%. The nanocrystalline cellulose has a morphology of needle-like structure, with an average diameter and length of 25±11 and 325±182 nm, respectively. The thermal stability of nanocrystalline cellulose is found to be higher than the original bacterial cellulose.