Abstract
The environmental impact of deposit development can be indirect and can cause combined geochemical processes in ecosystems. These must be taken into consideration under environmental forecasting and environmental risk assessment. Soil degradation in the Taiga Forest is considered, within the area of Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit (Russia), as an example of such environmental transformation. Here, the mechanism and characteristics of the anthropogenic salinisation of alluvial soils under potash deposit development are newly described. It was found that there is a strong anthropogenic impact of the potash industry on valley soils where the contaminated Na-Cl groundwater discharges or is close to the surface. The valley soils are characterised by high salinity, and the sum of toxic salts in soils has reached 26%. Alluvial gley humic clay chloride saline soil (Gleyic Fluvisols (Salic, Loamic, Technic)) and secondary solonchak on alluvial humic clay soil sulphate-chloride gypsum-containing surface-gleyed (Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Hypersalic, Loamic, Technic)) were formed in hydromorphic conditions. Morphological, physicochemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out. Under hydromorphic conditions, Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Hypersalic, Loamic) was described to show a hydrotroillite layer and reddish-yellow iron-rich precipitates on its surface. The top soil horizon has the highest content of iron minerals (up to 84.9%) and Fe-bearing plant residues (up to 20%). Additionally, the spongy and gel-like organic materials, as well as the siliceous remains of diatoms, are enriched in Ca, Fe, Cl, K, Na, S and P. The lower soil horizon consists of black gel-like phases and hydrogen sulphide settings with a high content of plant residues. The insoluble part of the samples contains up to 84% hydrogoethite. The sources of iron in soils and bottom sediments include the iron-enriched Sheshma sediments speckled rocks, slurry material, halite wastes and soil minerals of alluvial gley soils.
Highlights
Introduction iationsEnvironmental risk assessments of potash mining usually describe the anthropogenic salinisation of groundwater and surface water
The main goal of this study is to identify the physicochemical properties of saline soils and mineral formation and to describe the main causes of iron leaching from rocks and soils and hydrogen sulphide settings in the Taiga Forest
The rainfall level in the area of the Verkhnekamskoe potash deposit is around 650 mm/year and the average temperature is 0 ◦ C. This climatic condition promotes formation of a clay–salt slurry and halite waste drainage water that discharges into the groundwater
Summary
Environmental risk assessments of potash mining usually describe the anthropogenic salinisation of groundwater and surface water. The problems of brine distribution in groundwater and surface water were researched by reference [1,2] in Germany, reference [3] and reference [4] in Russia. These studies discovered saline drainage filtrations of slurry storage facilities and salt tailing piles into ground water and discharges of saline groundwater into local river valleys. The interaction of saline drainages with rocks was studied by reference [5] in the Verkhnekamskoe potash deposit in Russia and reference [6] in the Upper Rhine Valley in France. Hulisz and Piernik [7] found very high and stable soil salinity values by analysing the electrical
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