Abstract
Iranian Society has Traditionally had a Deep Admiration for the Courageous hero or champion, often called jawānmard (lit., young man; jawānmardī—manliness). Such a person possessed the aggregate of all positive virtues of manhood—courage, honesty, hospitality and generosity. One model of the jawānmard is the heroic warrior, as reflected in Persian epic literature and classical popular romance. In Persian culture, Rustam, the legendary pre-Islamic hero of the epic Shah-nāmah embodied the characteristics of the heroic warrior.A related term for jawānmard is the Arabic fatā (lit., young man; manliness—futuwwa; Persian futuwwat), which designated the ideal hero of pre-Islamic Arabia. In Perso-Islamic culture, a synthesis of ancient Persian and Arabo-Islamic ideals, the ethic of piety towards God, which was influenced by the increasing dominance of Sufism, shaped a second model of heroism.
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