Abstract
Abstract. In the southern winter polar stratosphere, the distribution of gravity wave momentum flux in many state-of-the-art climate simulations is inconsistent with long-time satellite and superpressure balloon observations around 60∘ S. Recent studies hint that a lateral shift between prominent gravity wave sources in the tropospheric mid-latitudes and the location where gravity wave activity is present in the stratosphere causes at least part of the discrepancy. This lateral shift cannot be represented by the column-based gravity wave drag parameterisations used in most general circulation models. However, recent high-resolution analysis and re-analysis products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System (ECMWF-IFS) show good agreement with the observations and allow for a detailed investigation of resolved gravity waves, their sources, and propagation paths. In this paper, we identify resolved gravity waves in the ECMWF-IFS analyses for a case of high gravity wave activity in the lower stratosphere using small-volume sinusoidal fits to characterise these gravity waves. The 3D wave vector together with perturbation amplitudes, wave frequency, and a fully described background atmosphere are then used to initialise the Gravity Wave Regional or Global Ray Tracer (GROGRAT) gravity wave ray tracer and follow the gravity waves backwards from the stratosphere. Finally, we check for the indication of source processes on the path of each ray and, thus, quantitatively attribute gravity waves to sources that are represented within the model. We find that stratospheric gravity waves are indeed subject to far (>1000 km) lateral displacement from their sources, which already take place at low altitudes (<20 km). Various source processes can be linked to waves within stratospheric gravity wave (GW) patterns, such as the orography equatorward of 50∘ S and non-orographic sources above the Southern Ocean. These findings may explain why superpressure balloons observe enhanced gravity wave momentum fluxes in the lower stratosphere over the Southern Ocean despite an apparent lack of sources at this latitude. Our results also support the need to improve gravity wave parameterisations to account for meridional propagation.
Highlights
Gravity waves convey energy and momentum from sources mainly in the troposphere into the middle atmosphere and, accelerate the mean flow (Alexander et al, 2010)
There have been attempts to solve the missing drag problem by enhancing orographic drag in the existing parameterisations (Garcia et al, 2017) or by artificially adding the gravity wave momentum flux (GWMF) as it would be induced by subgrid-sized mountains from small islands (Alexander and Grimsdell, 2013)
A comparison of the model results with global observations of mesoscale gravity waves indicates that these approaches do not compensate for the whole discrepancy, and a major effect must be of a different nature
Summary
Gravity waves convey energy and momentum from sources mainly in the troposphere into the middle atmosphere and, accelerate the mean flow (Alexander et al, 2010). Already the first global observations of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere winter by the microwave limb sounder (MLS; Wu and Waters, 1996) and the CRyogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA; Preusse, 2001; Ern et al, 2004) showed that the high wind velocities around the southern polar vortex were associated with an almost uniform band of enhanced gravity wave activity. Recent observations by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) support these finding and show a southward component of the wave vector in the northern part of the jet and a northward component closer to Antarctica, indicating propagation into the jet core (Hindley et al, 2019)
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