Propagation of electromagnetic waves through complex space for astronomical redshift investigation

Abstract

Space has a complex structure and investigations of any electromagnetic wave transmission theory need to consider the inhomogeneous and anisotropic nature. We have selected two cases for our investigations: regions of pulse energy changes and gravitational deflection. Numerical methods have been developed and examples given to show that these conditions do have their localized effects. But, since the total length of those regions are insignificant in comparison with the total transmission distance involved, their inclusion does not significantly alter the linear relationship between wavelength change and distance travelled. The possible exception is the case of gravitational deflection when the waves have passed through densely populated regions of space. Our findings could be of interest to the current debate on Hubble tension.