Abstract
TWENTIETH CENTURY MAN is a painfully self-conscious creature, but he has lost that pride of consciousness which, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was so magnificent. Science and psychology have succeededwhere the grim doctrine of predestination conspicuously failed-in seriously undermining belief in essential human liberty. In the Renaissance, awareness of self was in terms of a complex but unified and independent ego capable of deliberate choice.' Today, while few people believe in religious determinism, scientific or social determinism is widely accepted; the result is, in Walter Lippmann's memorable phrase,2 the deepest malady of modern society... the loss by so many modern men of conviction that the human will is free and that, therefore, each man has a personal moral responsibility for his acts and that what is going to happen in the future is going to be determined by what men do in the present.
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