Promotion of liver regeneration and anti‑fibrotic effects of theTGF‑β receptor kinase inhibitor galunisertib in CCl4‑treated mice.

Abstract

The cytokine transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β) serves a key role in hepatic fibrosis and has cytostatic effects on hepatocytes. The present study investigated the anti‑fibrogenic and regenerative effects of the TGF‑β receptor typeI kinase inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299) in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‑induced liver cirrhosis and invitro. Mice were intraperitoneally treated with CCl4 for 8weeks. At week5, the mice were divided randomly into four treatment groups: Vehicle‑treated; and treated with low‑; middle‑; and high‑dose galunisertib, which was administered from weeks5‑8. The mice were sacrificed after 8weeks of CCl4treatment. Liver fibrosis, as evaluated by histology and determination of hydroxyproline content, progressed during week4‑8 of CCl4 treatment in the vehicle‑treated mice. Galunisertib treatment dose‑dependently prevented liver fibrosis, as demonstrated by the direct inhibition of α‑smooth muscle actin‑positive activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) after 8weeks of CCl4treatment. The levels of active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑9 in galunisertib‑treated livers were significantly increased compared with the vehicle‑treated livers. In the high‑dose group, the number of PCNA‑positive hepatocytes and endothelial cells markedly increased compared with the vehicle group. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCRanalysis verified that interleukin‑6 and epiregulin expression levels were significantly increased in livers from the group treated with high‑dose galunisertib compared with the vehicle‑treated group. Galunisertib inhibited the proliferation of activated HSCs and collagen synthesis in addition to restoring MMPactivity. Moreover, galunisertib promoted liver remodeling by proliferating hepatocytes and vascular endothelial cells, while significantly increasing liver weight. These results are consistent with the cytostatic action of TGF‑β that negatively regulates liver regeneration, and demonstrated that galunisertib inhibited TGF‑βsignaling, halted liver fibrosis progression and promoted hepatic regeneration. The results of the present study suggest that galunisertib may be an effective treatment for liver cirrhosis.