Abstract
The applicability of bio-chemical grouting as the environmentally friendly and economically method for liquefaction remediation was evaluated. Several combinations of organic and in-organic precipitations methods were conducted to obtain the optimum grouting solution. Organic precipitation method employs a bio-agent of urease enzyme to dissociate urea into ammonium and carbonate ions. The produced carbonate ions are precipitated as calcite crystals in the presence of calcium ions. Meanwhile, the in-organic methods were performed using chemical compounds only, without the bio-agent. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed to evaluate the applicability of the grouting solutions for improving the soil strength. Grouting solution is injected into the prepared sand samples. The sand samples with a relative density of 50% were treated with one and two PV for 3-day curing times. The experimental results showed that the organic precipitation method produced the high precipitated amount and resulted in the significant improvement in the strength of the treated sand. The presence of the precipitated materials within the grains of soil generated the strength of 272 kPa. The results of this study have elucidated that the organic precipitation method composed of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, urea and enzyme of urease may be an alternative soil-improvement technique to prevent the liquefaction susceptibility.
Highlights
Liquefaction commonly happens in the saturated granular soils, such as sandy and silty soil
The results of this study show that the utilization 2PV of grouting solution OS-2 composed of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, urea and enzyme of urease is a promising method for liquefaction mitigation, as mention by Zen [10] that unconfined compression strength (UCS) of 100 kPa is enough to prevent the onset of liquefaction [10,11]
The applicability of several combinations of biochemical grouting has been evaluated for its possible application as the liquefaction mitigation
Summary
Liquefaction commonly happens in the saturated granular soils, such as sandy and silty soil. In turn, causes a significant loss of shear strength in the soil [1,2,3,4]. This phenomenon able to trigger several damages in engineering structures, such as building toppling, settlement (floating), soil deforms, sand boils, and other failures. Zen [10] has conducted a premixing method using a cement to increase the cohesion of sandy soil
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