Abstract
It is often difficult to realize effective governance and management within the inherent complexity and uncertainty of disasters. The application of crowdsourcing, through encouraging voluntary support from the general public, advances efficient disaster governance. Twelve international case studies of crowdsourcing and natural disaster governance were collected for in-depth analysis. Influenced by Complex Adaptive System theory, we explored the self-organizing operation mechanisms and self-organization processes of crowdsourcing within disaster governance. The self-organizing operation mechanisms of crowdsourcing are influenced by the multi-directional interaction between the crowdsourcing platform, the initiator (who commences the crowdsourcing process) and the contractor (who undertakes disaster reduction tasks). The benefits of crowdsourcing for governance structure and self-organization processes in natural disaster governance are reflected in three perspectives: strengthening communication and coordination, optimizing emergency decision-making, and improving the ability to learn and adapt. This paper discusses how crowdsourcing can promote disaster resilience from the perspective of the complex adaptive system to enrich the theoretical research on crowdsourcing and disaster resilience.
Highlights
During a disaster, the search, communication, and feedback process for information determines the various agents’ actions [1], which helps drive self-organization
- culture, language, identity, time, knowledge/skills, and trust. These variable factors emerged from the case studAyctmoresthod and are crucial to unRdeseprosntsainbidliitniegs the unique complex adaptiTvaeskssyusntdeemrt.akTehne individual culture of the disaster system must be understood - for example, lIonictiaaltecsoamctimonus tnoibtye ulnedaedrtearksen had to be involved in disaster arrangements in Indonesia in order to en surSeencdosmanmd cuonlleitcyts ianpfoprmroatvioanl.through
These actors are adaptive subjects of the disaster response system with crowdsourcing intervention. They are self-adaptive and they can make decisions and complete tasks independently, and they can change their behavior rules based on previous behavior effects in order to benefit from crowdsourcing platforms
Summary
The search, communication, and feedback process for information determines the various agents’ actions [1], which helps drive self-organization. Wells et al (2013) constructed a framework of community engagement in disaster response [3] In this framework, community engagement promotes equal decision-making through two-way knowledge exchange among stakeholders, and combined with policy support, can promote the development of community networks and the integration with public forces, enhancing community resilience. Traditional community engagement refers to offline action processes, while the Internet provides a new form of online community engagement. Crowdsourcing platforms, such as portals, social media, and online applications, have become effective tools for community engagement, by reducing the transaction costs associated with information search, analysis, and decision-making, as well as lowering resource costs (time, money, health, etc.) for civic engagement [5]. Crowdsourcing expands the boundaries of traditional community engagement, which is not limited by time or space, while people from all over the world can participate in specific actions online anytime and anywhere
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