Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that yields to neuronal axon damage, demyelization, and paralysis. Although several drugs were designed for the treatment of MS, with some of them being approved in the last few decades, the complete remission and the treatment of progressive forms still remain a matter of debate and a medical challenge. Nanotechnology provides a variety of promising therapeutic tools that can be applied for the treatment of MS, overcoming the barriers and the limitations of the already existing immunosuppressive and biological therapies. In the present review, we explore literature case studies on the development of drug delivery nanosystems for the targeted delivery of MS drugs in the pathological tissues of the CNS, providing high bioavailability and enhanced therapeutic efficiency, as well as nanosystems for the delivery of agents to facilitate efficient remyelination. Moreover, we present examples of tolerance-inducing nanocarriers, being used as promising vaccines for antigen-specific immunotherapy of MS. We emphasize on liposomes, as well as lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles. Finally, we highlight the future perspectives given by the nanotechnology field toward the improvement of the current treatment of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
Highlights
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), accompanied by a relapsing/remitting (RR) or a progressive course that is followed by axon damage and paralysis, including symptoms of muscle weakness, weak reflexes, muscle spasm, difficulty in movement, miscoordination, unbalance, vertigo, fatigue, and pain
Our understanding of the immune processes that contributes to MS led to the approval or clinical development of some disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that are effective in relapsing forms of MS
In the present review study, literature examples of the aforementioned nanocarriers that were designed for MS treatment are presented, highlighting the future perspectives given by the nanotechnology field toward the improvement of the current treatment of MS
Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), accompanied by a relapsing/remitting (RR) or a progressive course that is followed by axon damage and paralysis, including symptoms of muscle weakness, weak reflexes, muscle spasm, difficulty in movement, miscoordination, unbalance, vertigo, fatigue, and pain. MS (SPMS), which develops over time following diagnosis of RRMS, and primary progressive MS (PPMS), noted as gradual continuous neurologic deterioration, which provides continuous disease progression [19,20,21]. The symptoms may vary person-to-person and produce temporary, long-lasting, or even permanent losses due to the disrupted signal transmission, including mood swings, memory-related issues, tingling, fatigue, numbness, partial or complete blindness, pain, and partial or even whole-body paralysis, depending upon the severity of disease. 10–20 years, neurologic dysfunction progressively worsens, eventually leading to impaired mobility, cognition, and a progressive loss of nerve functions [22,23,24,25]
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